INTRODUCTION:
Although golf has evolved considerably since its origins in the fifteenth century, its roots give the sport a legacy of quality and excellence, in terms of infrastructure, services and conditions, hardly separable from their practice. From its modern origins in Scotland in the Middle Ages, golf has been a sport closely linked to economic and political elites, the “Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St. Andrew”, the highest authority in the sport, emphasizes that the formation of the first golf company in the UK were made up of “noblemen and gentlemen”. Today his practice has become massive, with around 56 million worldwide affections in an industry that touches 100 billion dollars annually. However, modern golfers and their clubs continue to demand the highest quality standards in the practice of this “noble” sport that achieves distinguished precisely by their high standards in terms of services and infrastructure.
The purpose of this research is to study, in comparative perspective, the quality standards that govern the practice of golf internationally and efforts at national and regional levels are being carried out to bring the practice of this sport to the needs and requirements of an industry characterized by the requirement of excellence. We, the authors, taking into account the importance of good quality management in this sector and have ties with various countries, we organize so that this work analyzes, through a comparative study, the status of the course and the quality management from a national and international perspective, drawing shows three case studies in Spain, China and Nicaragua, countries of which are native to the authors of this research.
To this end, in the first part of the work, and how contextualization briefly, discuss general aspects of the course: its history, evolution and general characteristics. In the second part we will focus strictly on the standards and quality of the sport of golf, first approaching it from a national perspective: the current state of golf in Spain, the standards governing their practice and the laws and legal framework governing it, this through the case study “Los Arqueros Golf & Country Club” in Marbella. Next, take the international level study with analysis of cases “Guacalito de la Isla in Nicaragua, and Mission Hill Golf Club” in China. We hope that the study of these three cases will allow us to gain greater understanding of the importance of quality schemes in playing golf and thus to contribute modestly to the analysis of trends that will govern this noble sport, and this important industry in the coming years.
HISTORY:
Although there are no specific data on what is the origin of golf, some historians agree that it could come from Scotland, emerged during the fifteenth century. However, many others argue that it would have originated in the Netherlands and that the golf term comes from the Dutch word “kolf,” meaning stick.
The first historical data that allow identification as “golf” dating from 1457, the year in which this term appears for the first time, specifically to prohibit this activity in Scotland and that the army would focus on devoting all his energy to possible conflicts with England.
Since its inception, quickly became a popular sport and competed diversity of players, regardless of social class. As an example of this, the first match of which we have data is played by the Prince of Wales with a shoemaker in 1682. However, today this concept has been lost due to their more exclusivity.
The first association of golfers born in 1744 in Scotland: the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers. A year after creating the UK’s first regulation of golf. In reference to our country, golf was introduced into Spain by the British in 1891 with the creation of the Club de Golf de Gran Canaria and in 1904 he created the first in mainland Spain, Puerta de Hierro Club Madrid.
As a curiosity, it is said that the golf course has 18 holes because the whiskey is 18 measures. This is because in the beginning the Scots drank a shot of whiskey after each hole. The shot of whiskey was exactly as the cap of “pouch” and to empty a whole needed to drink exactly 18 blocks.
FEATURES:
In relation to the characteristics of the course, we note that there are two equal fields in layout, design and difficulty. However, the majority are governed by the following standards:
• A normal golf course is 18 holes.
• Length of the fairways, between 100 and 500 meters.
• Typically, the course is 72 shots (par for the course).
• 4 short lengths (par 3). From 130-220 m.
• 10 middle lengths (par 4). From 220-450 m.
• 4 long sections (par 5). Over 450 m.
• Area between 50-100 hectares.
1 NATIONAL GOLF
1.1 Current Situation
Golf is one of the fastest growing sports in Spain in the last two decades, the third sport with the most number of federated with growth of 88%. These golf courses are spread throughout the Spanish territory predominating mainly on the Mediterranean coast.
According to the magazine “Hosteltur 2012 Special Golf” Spain is Europe’s leading golf destination and the second largest of this type in receiving tourists worldwide. Despite the economic crisis, in recent years it has been launched 64 new golf courses and there are several ongoing projects in communities with more weight in this segment, in a clear effort to remain competitive with other destinations.
From the perspective of our region, the offer of courses in Andalusia is still the largest in the Spanish territory. According to the Spanish Golf Federation (RFEG) in 2011, the region has 106 golf courses at present, of which 50% are located in the province of Málaga and 20.8% in Cadiz.
About 70 golf courses are concentrated in the Costa del Sol. Most of them are located in Marbella, Mijas and Estepona.
In the above table, on the historical evolution of the Golf Clubs in Spain, conducted by Aguirre Newman in its market study shows how since the creation of the first golf course in Spain, in 1891, has remained at a constant line creating golf clubs until 1977, year in which the tourist boom in our country. From then until 2001 there is a slight increase, and in 2010 where Spain reaches where the nearly 600 golf facilities, namely 590, taking into account all types and even golf clubs without a course, although that total 422 are ordinary golf courses.
1.2 REGULATION OF GOLF IN ANDALUCIA
As discussed J.F. Vera in one of his books “The construction of large water-sports complex and golf courses is being, since the eighties, a standard formula in coastal towns to capture more qualified and seasonally adjusted demand.”
“The problem is the way these facilities are multiplied along the coast, as sometimes they are still on deck real estate transactions.” Because of that, golf courses are created without thinking of its functionality, only with the intention “to build and sell.” For that reason was created the “Decree 43/2008, of 12 February, regulating the conditions of implementation and operation of golf courses in Andalucia”.
“This ordinance is intended to regulate the conditions of implementation and operation of golf courses and ancillary uses associated in Andalusia, so as to ensure the best use of natural resources while leading in improving the tourism and sports.
However, this decree not only responds to the importance sports, tourism or economic phenomenon, but also serves its environmental and urban dimensions proposed positively channel, combining the promotion of golf as a new line of sports development and tourism with the preservation of natural heritage, reducing regional or environmental impacts and to enable the areas of implementation, with the improvement and regeneration of the natural environment will foster the improvement and respect for the environment, restoration and protection landscape, land use or degraded areas, the use of effective environmental management systems, renewable energy use and minimizing pollution and emissions, combined all with a scrupulous respect for the rules and principles of protection of soil, territorial and urban and public health”
1.2.1 PRATICAL CASE: LOS ARQUEROS GOLF
The golf course “Los Arqueros” is located in San Pedro de Alcántara, in a privileged location on the Costa del Sol, between the rugged mountains near Marbella. It opened in 1991 and was the first golf course designed by Severiano Ballesteros, considered one of the best players in the world.
Regarding the characteristics of the terrain, we note that it has a area of between 35 and 50 hectares, has an 18-hole course and is a mixed course (allows entry to both members and the general public) Los Arqueros Golf is one of the pioneers in the fields of management system implementation in all areas: Health & Safety, Quality and Environment. It is the only golf course in Spain with these certificates annually subject to external audits by accredited companies.
ENVIRONMENT:
Since 2003 Los Arqueros has a Certified Environmental Management System ISO 14001. This is the first golf course on the Costa del Sol and Andalucia second to obtain this certification. The environmental policy of this course is based on the principle of prevention and minimization at source of negative environmental effects, using the following guidelines to follow: • Implement and maintain an Environmental Management System applies to all management of the golf course, to obtain a certification in accordance with UNE / EN / ISO 14001.
• Take the necessary measures to comply with environmental regulations and other requirements applicable to its activities at the European level, State, and Local Autonomy.
• Take the necessary measures to prevent pollution and to take preventive measures to minimize the environmental effects.
• Make sustainable use of natural resources, promoting the efficient use of energy in all golf activities, reducing the use of fertilizers, pesticides and water used for maintenance and irrigation facilities in the extent possible, and encouraging reuse and recycling practices.
• Manage and treat our waste in the most environmentally friendly and minimize the generation of them in their operations.
• Train and motivate staff to achieve a high level of responsibility and involvement so that everyone can contribute to achieving the environmental objectives established for the golf course, identifying needs regular environmental training staff, and establishing the corresponding training plans to improve awareness and professional competence of the.
• Disseminate and communicate this policy to all stakeholders (employees, customers, suppliers, subcontractors and the general public), sensitizing workers to respect the environment.
• Define and periodically review the goals and targets set in the performance of this policy, in the process of continuous improvement of our business.
• Provide the necessary resources for continuous improvement of the environmental management system, setting annual environmental management plans.
• Since receiving the Environmental certificate until 2009, have undertaken several measures to minimize the environmental impact of this activity. At the same time, all these measures have aimed to optimize the consumption of raw materials and to improve their environment, making efforts to reduce the quantities of waste generated in the golf course.
The objectives and goals achieved with the above guidelines are:
• Installation of energy saving light bulbs in all facilities.
• Install timers power to regulate the hours of lighting in all facilities.
• Installing timer to control the hours of charging the batteries of the buggies.
• Installing a token system to control the lighting time of the squash courts.
• Renew the main pumping system.
• Provide grape leaves and awareness posters with taps and switches to create awareness among club members and employees.
• Install tank to regulate the flow of each discharge.
• Installing automatic shutoff valves.
• Establish a system of periodic inspection of facilities to prevent leaks or water leaks.
• Training and information of employees in environmental club.
• Installation of a weather station connected to the irrigation system.
• Improvement and renovation of the irrigation sector networks. • Elimination of the night lighting of the Ship Maintenance.
• Changing the control panel and secondary pumps irrigation booth.
• Establish a regular analytical quadrant plant-soil-water to establish appropriate subscribers for the field.
• Place containers of batteries at the club.
• Installing red dots for selective garbage in different holes of the golf course: plastic, paper and organic waste.
• Replace the brake vehicles and machinery for a non-asbestos.
• Replace phytosanitary small containers with larger ones to minimize packaging waste generation.
• Increase replanting native vegetation density different feet noblest native trees and Mediterranean scrub.
• Development of a comprehensive management plan favoring pest control methods pests and lawn maintenance strategies.
• Creation of an animal sanctuary in the golf course.
• Placement of nests in the trees of the field.
• Condition the area of collection of yard trimmings and grass.
• Identification of areas of the golf course irrigation to optimize water consumption.
• Manage waste plastic packaging plant in SIGFITO program.
• Spill Emergency drills.
• Create terraces on the edge of the lakes to improve wildlife habitat and aquatic birds.
• Inform our suppliers of environmental measures.
• Install timers on the heating and air conditioning.
• Installation of capacitor bank to eliminate reactive in the Club house and pumping system between lakes.
• Modification of electrical contracts.
• Planting native trees by the partners.
• The vehicle consumes green fuel company.
• Using recycled paper in offices.
• Encourage the use of email instead of internal memos.
• Encourage the use of videoconferencing in lieu of travel.
• Development of a simulation study prior electrical consumption of the power of each element.
• Installation of water sources in the golf course to avoid excessive consumption of plastic cups.
QUALITY:
In December 2008 Los Arqueros achieved certification of Quality (UNE 188.001) specific for golf courses and that has the support of the Tourism Concierge and guarantees the level of service and customer satisfaction. Club Management has a clear commitment to the organization and delivery of quality services to their customers, and that the highest priority is to increase the satisfaction thereof.
The main objective is to improve the satisfaction of the clients in the commitment to plan and implement continuous improvement actions defined by: • Compliance with all legal and regulatory requirements applicable to the area where the club is located. Just as the requirements that the club adheres.
• The satisfaction evaluation and analysis of customer expectations to suit your needs and expectations, offering a quality service that satisfies them.
• Efficient management of resources to provide the necessary means for the customer to enjoy the installations in the best condition. Furthermore, the objectives of the Club shall include references to the improvement and expansion of its facilities.
• The provision of qualified people for the roles.
• The Club staff training on issues that can improve their customer service. Information, awareness and communication of information to all field workers and users.
• Improving the system of organization and communication between Club staff, incorporating measures to improve the management system in place.
• Communication to all users, employees, partners, suppliers, subcontractors, contractors and the general public from the proceedings in improving system quality management in the golf course, trying to establish a degree of collaboration and compromise between both parties.
• The enhancement of the image of the Club in all areas, providing facilities for holding charity events or sports memorabilia.
• The address of the Club is committed to disseminating this Quality Policy at all levels (web, brochures, bulletin boards …) and provide the necessary resources for compliance. However, the success of the services need the commitment of all staff of the Club.
Since 2008 established quality objectives for improving customer satisfaction.
Some examples of objectives and goals achieved:
• Introduce new suppliers in the shop to expand the variety of products where the customer can choose.
• Renew the exhibitor sports shoes store.
• Development of a Strokesaver
• Creating a new customer satisfaction survey.
• Improve maintenance tracking buggies.
• Increasing the number of lockers.
• Creation of a questionnaire for suppliers and tour operators.
• Provide reparapiques on the golf course for guests.
• Fresh fruit available to free customers.
• VIP service for customers.
• Creating a buggy parking for VIP service and to prevent the collapse of buggies when they return from the field.
• Improve the bunkers.
• New carpets in the ways of buggies.
• New carpets on the practice field.
• Installation of 2 water coolers on the golf course.
• Improved signage Club and Golf Course.
SAFETY AND HEALTH:
In 2004 he succeeded in achieving another Certificate of established systems, the Occupational Health and Safety based on OHSAS 18001.
Los Arqueros Golf considers the health and safety of its employees and customers central to the achievement of a safe working environment. Therefore, the main objectives is the prevention of all types of injuries and work-related illnesses and the continuous improvement of working conditions in the center.
It is the company who takes the lead in managing occupational risk prevention. For application development and requires the participation of all ranks and all units of the organization, which undertake to incorporate preventive management in their daily activities.
According to the above commitments, the golf course adopts the following principles in prevention:
• Comply with applicable law in prevention.
• Evaluate the working conditions of their employees.
• Integrate the system in the management of the company ..
• Consider the preventive aspects from the beginning, in the design phase, procurement or acquisition.
• Develop, implement and maintain adequate procedures for monitoring and ensuring safe working conditions.
• Ensure adequate information and training, both theoretical and practical staff, developing Preventive Policy.
Management ensures adequate means that this policy is known, understood, developed and maintained throughout the organization.
2 INTERNATIONAL GOLF:
2.1 CHINA
2.1.1 Current Situation
Golf in China is a growing industry, with numerous golf courses that are established, especially in the province of Hainan is an island in southern China. Golf in China is consolidating. According to data from the China Golf Association in a study of 2012 that China has more than 400 courses in operation, 100 courses under construction. There are about 358.000, major players among the Chinese population, with a growth rate of 7.5% for the general public, golf is considered prohibitive. However, it appears that the top recreational sport for businessmen and officials. China wants to participate in the big cake which is world golf tourism, valued at several billion dollars. However, although the global economic situation is affecting significantly the growth of the Asian giant as export is concerned, the growth in golf in China continues.
2.1.2 Case Study: Guan Lan Hu, Mission Hill Golf Club
Mission Hill Golf Club is a club that is located between two cities of southern China: Shenzhen Guanlan. It opened in 1992 and currently has 12 courses that have been designed by 12 famous players, each with their own style.
The club was recognized as the world’s largest institution by Guinness World Records in 2004. It features an 18-hole par 72. In addition, the course offers a school for children, youth, women and professionals and offers services such as: tennis, gym, spa, playground, vacation home. You may enjoy these amenities either one or several days.
Certifications:
On the website of this golf course it appears to have 3 certificates in environmental quality but, unlike the case of Spain (Los Arqueros Golf), do not specify the measures put in place to obtain them.
ISO 9001
ISO 9001: Created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), specifies requirements for a system of quality management that can be used for internal application by organizations, regardless of whether the product or service is provided by an organization public or private enterprise, whatever its size, for certification or contractual purposes. It permits to implement the circle of continuous improvement within the company and to comply with current legislation.
ISO 14001
ISO 14001: ISO 14001 is an internationally accepted standard that sets out how to implement an effective environmental management system. The standard is designed to address the delicate balance between maintaining profitability and reducing environmental impact. With the commitment of the entire organization can achieve both objectives.
What’s in ISO 14001:
– General requirements
– Environmental Policy
– Planning implementation and operation
– Checking and corrective action
– Management Review
This means that one can identify aspects of the business that have an impact on the environment and understand those environmental laws that are relevant to this situation. The next step is to produce targets for improvement and a management program to achieve them, with regular reviews for continual improvement. Thus, we can assess the system regularly and, if it complies with the regulation, register the company or headquarters for ISO 14001.
On the sustainable development strategy, the company must establish a plan “low carbon, environmental protection”. The ecological development goals and plans.
2.2 NICARAGUA
2.2.1 Current Situation
The first golf course in Nicaragua (Resume Golf & Country Club) opened its doors in 1940, although the date had few golfers. Later in 1979, this is forced to close due to the political instability facing the country. It is then in the 90’s, which starts the process of peace and democracy in the country, that investment in the tourism sector returns and with this, in 2000 there is the re-opening of Resume Country Club urging other projects golf courses and beaches resorts to invest in the country.
23 years later, Nicaragua is a reference in golf tourism in Central America, a member of the International Golf Federation (IGF) and currently has 4 golf courses, two of them championship and under a unique nature environment, as in the case of Guacalito Island: Mukul Beach, Golf & Spa. It is true that it sounds very little amount as compared with 422 in Spain and 580 in China but within Central America it is very close to what figures in their neighboring countries: Costa Rica 10 and Honduras 10.
Golf Courses in Nicaragua:
Nejapa Golf & Country Club
– Gran Pacifica Beach & Golf Resort
– Hacienda Iguana Golf & Beach Club
– Guacalito Island: Mukul Beach, Golf & Spa
In legal matters, Nicaragua has a vacuum in this sector as there is no decree regulating the golf courses in the country. Institutionally this reflects the limited development of the discipline in the country is just beginning to take its first steps in the tourism sector and more specifically in golf.
2.2.2 Case Study: Guacalito Island: Mukul Beach, Golf & Spa
Guacalito Island: Mukul Beach, Golf & Spa is located on the Emerald Coast Nicaraguan Pacific, has 4 km of coastline and a total of 1,670 hectares. It is the latest Eco-tourism project (February 2013) and the largest investment in the country (U.S. $ 250 million). It is owned by the Pellas family, one of the most influential of Nicaragua and Latin America.
Among the various services offered by this resort, there is a golf course with 18 holes par 72, which has extra facilities like driving range, a modern pro shop with rental clubs and golf shoes and room for Free store bags, new golf carts with global positioning system and a golf academy, aimed at both professionals and children (SNAG golf). For its design and construction, this course counted with the talent of the famous Scottish architect David Maclay Kidd, who, following the principles of community and conservation governing this project, managed to get this course to be internationally recognized for its beauty and sustainability.
A sustainable project, under the principles of Conservation and Community. To minimize the environmental impact of the project, Mukul was proposed to minimize tree felling, to integrated into the course design most of the iconic trees and the rest to be transplanting. Such is the importance of them in the project that each of the holes are named after prevalent tropical trees prevalent of the area. This type of action, such as leaving intact tropical dry streams in the area, enables the customers to play golf while enjoying the tropical birds and howler monkeys.
It has an efficient irrigation system, which works with rain water collected and with a kind of water grass (Paspalum Coastal) compatible with the environment as it requires less water and grows in water containing a lot of salt. Most suppliers are small and medium enterprises, who supplies with eco-friendly materials for construction and design.
Another major issue marked by the principle of sustainability is to local job creation, a task that was not easy as the training in the golf industry is non-existent in the country, so it was invested in a training program where more than 100 villagers were sensitized in handling equipment and techniques, allowing a run safe, efficient and high quality during construction. Thanks to these efforts, today many of these beneficiaries have been hired permanently in the project (80% are employees originating from neighboring municipalities).
Similarly, the project Guacalito Island is committed to promoting the strengthening of SMEs and entrepreneurs in the municipality of Rivas for the tourist to find an environment ready to receive them. The strategy is based on empowering merchants and service providers locally to provide better and more services. Three years after the start of the project, the area has achieved a significantly raise its offer both quality and quantity.
Quality: In Search of the ISO 14001
The quality control field Guacalito Island given privately and internal management is responsible for implementing and maintaining their own quality standards.
Today, because of that golf Guacalito Island started its opening recently, it still does not have a certificate, but according to its director, Mr. Gilchrist, is seeking certification of environment (ISO 1400), “for our good environmental management is that we want to be recognized.”They hope to be worthy of this certification over a period of two years.
CONCLUSIONS:
Golf has managed to evolve significantly from its origins to become, today, one of the greatest impact sports tourist, economic, environmental and social development in the world. It is, after all, a billion dollar industry that moves a lot of people annually in search of the green perfect. In its long evolution, it has remained a constant throughout history: a distinguished clientele, usually with high purchasing power who demand and require the highest standards of quality in each of the services they receive. However, with the constant demand for excellence as a fundamental norm of the sport, we have noticed, through this work and thanks to the comparative study of practical cases, the management of quality systems in the world vary significantly.
Spain, for example, is shown as the undisputed leader in quality systems management. Proof of this is that certain regions, such as Andalusia, have their own regulations regarding golf regulation independently from, but in harmony with a national institutional structure. This aspect is a clear strength of the quality management system that does not depend on the Spanish central bureaucracy but was flexible and adaptable to the local level to meet the constantly changing demands of the international market.
China, meanwhile, is a country that is constantly innovating in the construction of golf courses, with the support of some of the most famous characters in the industry and supported by a huge market that seems to be constantly expanding . Quality control is given centrally, with a single regulatory framework for the whole country. The advantage of this centralized form may lie precisely in standardizing quality conditions in an industry where excellence is a universal constant.
Finally, we note that in Nicaragua there is no formal, institutionalized regulation on quality control on golf courses. We could say that quality control in golf Nicaraguan given privately and internal; each golf course management is responsible for implementing and maintaining their own quality standards. This could be considered a disadvantage or even a problem from the standpoint of State / institutional. However, we show that despite this lack of public regulation, the golf courses in Nicaragua maintain high standards of quality and environmental sustainability. In the latter aspect (the sustainability) is perhaps where they are giving the greatest innovations in this Central American country.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
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Internet:
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Contacts:
– Sr. Ulf Svendsen , director gerente. Los Arqueros Country Club.
– Sr. Andrew Gilchrist, director de golf.Guacalito de la Isla.
– Sr. Casey Krahenbuhl, diseñador de campos de Golf. Guacalito de la Isla.
– Sr. Yader Jara, profesor de Golf. Najapa Country Club.
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